Obesity on train drivers Indonesia : Occupational Health Nursing Model Pender and Triangle Epidemiology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54832/phj.v6i1.486Keywords:
pekerja masinis, obesitas, keperawatanAbstract
Non-Communicable diseases (NCD) atau penyakit tidak menular (PTM) merupakan penyebab utama kematian secara global. Peningkatan kejadian PTM tersebut salah satunya diebabkan oleh obesitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor dominan yang berpengaruh terhadap terjadinya obesitas pada pekerja masinis kereta api DAOP 02 Bandung Jawa Barat. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel dengan simple random sampling dengan jumlah sampel 121 pekerja masinis. Analisis bivariat menggunakan chi square menunjukkan bahwa faktor gaya hidup tidak sehat (p = 0,012) dan stress kerja (p = 0,015) merupakan faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian obesitas pekerja masinis. Setelah dianalisis menggunakan Regresi logistik, menunjukkan bahwa gaya hidup tidak sehat merupakan faktor paling dominan terhadap obesitas (p=0,029 dan OR=2,344). Pengaruh tersebut diperkuat oleh stress kerja (p=0,036; B=0,820 dan OR=0,440). Temuan penelitian ini dapat dijadikan acuan dalam menyusun kebijakan kesehatan pekerja dan memberikan asuhan keperawatan komunitas khususnya keperawatan kesehatan pada pekerja. Penelitian selanjutnya dapat melakukan penelitian eksperimen sebagai upaya menurunkan prevalensi obesitas pada pekerja.
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References
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Allman-farinelli, M. A., Chey, T., Merom, D., & Bauman, A. E. (2010). Occupational risk of overweight and obesity : an analysis of the Australian Health Survey. Journal of
Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 5(14), 1–9.
Amani, R., & Gill, T. (2013). Shiftworking , nutrition and obesity : implications for workforce health- a systematic review, 22(June), 505–515. http://doi.org/10.6133/apjcn.2013.22.4.11
Bonauto, D. K., Lu, D., & Fan, Z. J. (2014). Preventing Chronic Disease | Obesity Prevalence by Occupation in Washington State, Be ... Obesity Prevalence by Occupation in Washington State , Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Preventing Chronic Disease | Obesity Prevalence by Occupation in W. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 11(15), 1–9.
Burgoine, T., Forouhi, N. G., Griffin, S. J., Wareham, N. J., & Monsivais, P. (2014). Associations between exposure to takeaway food outlets, takeaway food consumption, and body weight in Cambridgeshire, UK: population based, cross sectional study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 348(March), g1464. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1464
Buss, J. (2012). Associations Between Obesity and Stress and Shift Work Among Nurses, 60(10). http://doi.org/10.3928/21650799 20120926-66
C, M. T., & Stephen, L. (2011). Burnout , Workplace Violence and Social Support among Drivers and Conductors in the Road Passenger Transport Sector in Maputo City , Mozambique, 214–221.
Chau, J. Y., Ploeg, H. P. Van Der, Merom, D., Chey, T., & Bauman, A. E. (2012). Cross- sectional associations between occupational and leisure-time sitting , physical activity and obesity in working adults. Preventive Medicine, 54(3-4), 195–200. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.12.020
Cheong, et al. (2010). Prevalence of Obesity and Factors Associated with it in a Worksite Setting in Malaysia. Journal of Community Health, 35, 698–705. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-010-9274-1
Choi, B., Schnall, Ã. P. L., Yang, H., Dobson, M., Landsbergis, P., Israel, L., ... Baker, D. (2010). Sedentary Work , Low Physical Job Demand , and Obesity in US Workers.http://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20886
Christensen, J. R., Faber, A., Ekner, D., Overgaard, K., Holtermann, A., & Søgaard, K. (2011). Diet , physical exercise and cognitive behavioral training as a combined workplace based intervention to reduce body weight and increase physical capacity in health care workers - a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 671. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-671
Clark, M. K., Ramey, S. L., & Grueskin, E. F. (2011). Body Mass Index Misclassification of Obesity Among Community Police Officers, 59(11), 469–476. http://doi.org/10.3928/08910162-20111017-01
Cocker, K. De, Duncan, M. J., Short, C., Uffelen, J. G. Z. Van, & Vandelanotte, C. (2014). Understanding occupational sitting : Prevalence , correlates and moderating effects in Australian employees. Preventive Medicine, 67, 288–294. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.031
Colombi, A. M., & Wood, G. C. (2011). Obesity in the Workplace : Impact on Cardiovascular Disease , Cost , and Utilization of Care. American Health and Drug Benefits, 4 No 5(September), 271–278.
Dahlan, S. (2009). Besar Sampel dan Cara Pengambilan Sampel (2nd ed.). Jakarta: salemba medika.
De Oliveira Fontes Gasperin, L., Neuberger, M., Tichy, A., & Moshammer, H. (2014). Cross- sectional association between cigarette smoking and abdominal obesity among Austrian bank employees. BMJ Open, 4(7), e004899. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014- 004899
Dobson, M., Choi, B., Schnall, P. L., Wigger, E., Garcia-Rivas, J., Israel, L., & Baker, D. B. (2013). Exploring occupational and health behavioral causes of firefighter obesity: a qualitative study. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 56(7), 776–90. http://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22151
Duffy, S. A., Cohen, K. A., & Noonan, D. (2012). Predictors of Obesity in Michigan Operating Engineers, 619–625. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-011-9492-1
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. (2011). OSH in figures: Occupational safety and health in the transport sector — An overview (p. 260). http://doi.org/10.2802/2218
Eves, F. F., Webb, O. J., Mutrie, N., & Frank, F. (2006). A Workplace Intervention to Promote Stair Climbing : Greater Effects in the Overweight, 14(12).
Gutiérrez-Fisac, J. L., Guallar-Castillón, P., León-Muñoz, L. M., Graciani, a, Banegas, J. R., & Rodríguez-Artalejo, F. (2012). Prevalence of general and abdominal obesity in the adult population of Spain, 2008-2010: the ENRICA study. Obesity Reviews : An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 13(4), 388–92. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00964.x
Guzik, A. (2013). Essentials for Occupational Health Nursing. USA: Wiley - Blackwell. Hosseinpanah, et al. (2009). Trends of obesity and abdominal obesity in Tehranian adults: a cohort study. BMC Public Health, 9, 426. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-426
Jans, M. P., Proper, K. I., & Hildebrandt, V. H. (2007). Sedentary Behavior in Dutch Workers Differences Between Occupations and Business Sectors, 33(6), 450–454. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.07.033
Jia He, et al. (2014). Ethnic differences in prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity among low-income rural Kazakh and Uyghur adults in far western China and implications in preventive public health. PloS One, 9(9), e106723. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106723
Kemenkes, RI. (2014). Pedoman gizi seimbang (p. 63). Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI.
Kinge, J. M., & Morris, S. (2010). Social Science & Medicine Socioeconomic variation in the impact of obesity on health-related quality of life. Social Science & Medicine, 71(10), 1864–1871. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.001
Kopelman, C. and D. (2010). Clinical obesity in adults and children (Third). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Limited.
Kouvonen, A. (2013). Obesity and Occupational Injury : A Prospective Cohort Study of 69 ,
515 Public Sector Employees, 8(10). http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077178
Lee, R. K., Chung, D., Chughtai, B., Te, A. E., & Kaplan, S. a. (2012). Central obesity as measured by waist circumference is predictive of severity of lower urinary tract symptoms. BJU International, 110(4), 540–5. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464- 410X.2011.10819.x
Lee, S., Wen, W., Xu, W. H., Zheng, W., Li, H., & Yang, G. (2008). Prevalence of Obesity and Correlations With Lifestyle and Dietary Factors in Chinese Men. Obesity Journal, 16(6). http://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.58
Luckhaupt, S. E., Cohen, M. A., Li, J., & Calvert, G. M. (2014a). Associations with
Occupational Factors. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(3), 237–248.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.11.002
Luckhaupt, S. E., Cohen, M. a., Li, J., & Calvert, G. M. (2014b). Prevalence of obesity among U.S. workers and associations with occupational factors. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(3),237–248. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.11.002
Misra, A., & Shrivastava, U. (2013). Obesity and dyslipidemia in South Asians. Nutrients, 5(7),2708–33. http://doi.org/10.3390/nu5072708
Mummery, W. K., Schofield, G. M., Steele, R., Eakin, E. G., & Brown, W. J. (2005).
Occupational Sitting Time and Overweight and Obesity in Australian Workers, 29(2), 91–97. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.04.003
Nishitani, N., & Sakakibara, H. (2006). Relationship of obesity to job stress and eating behavior in male Japanese workers, (April 2003), 528–533. http://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803153
Nishiura, C., Noguchi, J., & Hashimoto, H. (2010). Dietary Patterns Only Partially Explain the Effect of Short Sleep Duration on the Incidence of Obesity, 33(6), 2–6.
Notoatmodjo, S. (2010). Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta. Oakley, K. (2008). Occupational Health Nursing (3rd ed.). West Sussex England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parhizi, S., Hall, E. L., & Pasupathy, K. S. (2012). Obesity in the Workplace : Development of a Conceptual Framework. In 2011. USA: Industrial and Systems Engineering Research Conference.
Poortinga, W. (2006). Perceptions of the environment , physical activity , and obesity. Social Science & Medicine, 63, 2835–2846. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.07.018
PT Kereta Api Indonesia. (2013). Laporan Tahunan Transformasi Menuju pelayanan prima. Indonesia: PT KAI.
Rogers, B. (2003). Occupational and Environmental Health Nursing (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
Sastroasmoro, & Ismael. (2011). Dasar dasar metodologi penelitian klinis. Jakarta: Sagung Seto.
Shimokawa, S., Chang, H., & Pinstrup-andersen, P. (2008). Understanding the differences in obesity among working adults between Taiwan and China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutrition, 18(December), 88–95.
Singh, G. K., & Siahpush, M. (2011). Dramatic Increases in Obesity and Overweight Prevalence and Body Mass Index Among Ethnic-Immigrant and Social Class Groups in the United States , 1976 – 2008. Journal of Community Health, 36, 94–110. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-010-9287-9
Soloveiva et al. (2013). Psychosocial factors at work , long work hours , and obesity : a systematic review. Scan J Work Health, 39(May), 241–258.
Sorour, A. S., Kamel, W. W., Mohammed, E., Aziz, A. E.-, & Aboelseoud, A. (2014). Health promoting lifestyle behaviors and related risk factors among female employees in Zagazig city, 4(5). http://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v4n5p42
Stanhope and Lancaster. (2012). Public Health Nursing : Population - centered Health Care in the Community (8th ed.). Maryland America: Elsevier Mosby Inc.
Starre, R. E. Van Der, Coffeng, J. K.,
Hendriksen, I. J. M., Mechelen, W. Van, & Boot, C. R. L. (2013). Associations between overweight , obesity , health measures and need for recovery in office employees : a cross-sectional analysis.
Sugianti, et al. (2009). Faktor risiko obesitas sentral Elya Sugianti, dkk. Gizi Indonesia, 32(2), 105–116.
Tchernof, A., & Després, J. (2013). Pathophysiology Of Human Visceral Obesity : An Update Biology Of Abdominal Adipose ... Aspects Of Regional Body Fat Distribution, 359–404. http://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00033.2011
Wakabayashi, I. (2011). Age-dependent inverse association between alcohol consumption and obesity in Japanese men. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 19(9), 1881–6. http://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.132
Xiao, et al. (2013). Association between socioeconomic status and obesity in a Chinese adult population. BMC Public Health, 13, 355. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-355
Allender, J. N., Rector, C., & Warner, K. . (2014). Community & public health nursing : promoting and protecting the public’s health. (8th ed). New York: New York : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Allender, Rector, & dan Warner. (2014). Community & public health nursing : promoting and protecting the public’s health (8th ed.). New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Allman-farinelli, M. A., Chey, T., Merom, D., & Bauman, A. E. (2010). Occupational risk of overweight and obesity : an analysis of the Australian Health Survey. Journal of
Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 5(14), 1–9.
Amani, R., & Gill, T. (2013). Shiftworking , nutrition and obesity : implications for workforce health- a systematic review, 22(June), 505–515. http://doi.org/10.6133/apjcn.2013.22.4.11
Bonauto, D. K., Lu, D., & Fan, Z. J. (2014). Preventing Chronic Disease | Obesity Prevalence by Occupation in Washington State, Be ... Obesity Prevalence by Occupation in Washington State , Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Preventing Chronic Disease | Obesity Prevalence by Occupation in W. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 11(15), 1–9.
Burgoine, T., Forouhi, N. G., Griffin, S. J., Wareham, N. J., & Monsivais, P. (2014). Associations between exposure to takeaway food outlets, takeaway food consumption, and body weight in Cambridgeshire, UK: population based, cross sectional study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 348(March), g1464. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1464
Buss, J. (2012). Associations Between Obesity and Stress and Shift Work Among Nurses, 60(10). http://doi.org/10.3928/21650799 20120926-66
C, M. T., & Stephen, L. (2011). Burnout , Workplace Violence and Social Support among Drivers and Conductors in the Road Passenger Transport Sector in Maputo City , Mozambique, 214–221.
Chau, J. Y., Ploeg, H. P. Van Der, Merom, D., Chey, T., & Bauman, A. E. (2012). Cross- sectional associations between occupational and leisure-time sitting , physical activity and obesity in working adults. Preventive Medicine, 54(3-4), 195–200. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.12.020
Cheong, et al. (2010). Prevalence of Obesity and Factors Associated with it in a Worksite Setting in Malaysia. Journal of Community Health, 35, 698–705. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-010-9274-1
Choi, B., Schnall, Ã. P. L., Yang, H., Dobson, M., Landsbergis, P., Israel, L., ... Baker, D. (2010). Sedentary Work , Low Physical Job Demand , and Obesity in US Workers.http://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20886
Christensen, J. R., Faber, A., Ekner, D., Overgaard, K., Holtermann, A., & Søgaard, K. (2011). Diet , physical exercise and cognitive behavioral training as a combined workplace based intervention to reduce body weight and increase physical capacity in health care workers - a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 671. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-671
Clark, M. K., Ramey, S. L., & Grueskin, E. F. (2011). Body Mass Index Misclassification of Obesity Among Community Police Officers, 59(11), 469–476. http://doi.org/10.3928/08910162-20111017-01
Cocker, K. De, Duncan, M. J., Short, C., Uffelen, J. G. Z. Van, & Vandelanotte, C. (2014). Understanding occupational sitting : Prevalence , correlates and moderating effects in Australian employees. Preventive Medicine, 67, 288–294. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.031
Colombi, A. M., & Wood, G. C. (2011). Obesity in the Workplace : Impact on Cardiovascular Disease , Cost , and Utilization of Care. American Health and Drug Benefits, 4 No 5(September), 271–278.
Dahlan, S. (2009). Besar Sampel dan Cara Pengambilan Sampel (2nd ed.). Jakarta: salemba medika.
De Oliveira Fontes Gasperin, L., Neuberger, M., Tichy, A., & Moshammer, H. (2014). Cross- sectional association between cigarette smoking and abdominal obesity among Austrian bank employees. BMJ Open, 4(7), e004899. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014- 004899
Dobson, M., Choi, B., Schnall, P. L., Wigger, E., Garcia-Rivas, J., Israel, L., & Baker, D. B. (2013). Exploring occupational and health behavioral causes of firefighter obesity: a qualitative study. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 56(7), 776–90. http://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22151
Duffy, S. A., Cohen, K. A., & Noonan, D. (2012). Predictors of Obesity in Michigan Operating Engineers, 619–625. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-011-9492-1
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. (2011). OSH in figures: Occupational safety and health in the transport sector — An overview (p. 260). http://doi.org/10.2802/2218
Eves, F. F., Webb, O. J., Mutrie, N., & Frank, F. (2006). A Workplace Intervention to Promote Stair Climbing : Greater Effects in the Overweight, 14(12).
Gutiérrez-Fisac, J. L., Guallar-Castillón, P., León-Muñoz, L. M., Graciani, a, Banegas, J. R., & Rodríguez-Artalejo, F. (2012). Prevalence of general and abdominal obesity in the adult population of Spain, 2008-2010: the ENRICA study. Obesity Reviews : An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 13(4), 388–92. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00964.x
Guzik, A. (2013). Essentials for Occupational Health Nursing. USA: Wiley - Blackwell. Hosseinpanah, et al. (2009). Trends of obesity and abdominal obesity in Tehranian adults: a cohort study. BMC Public Health, 9, 426. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-426
Jans, M. P., Proper, K. I., & Hildebrandt, V. H. (2007). Sedentary Behavior in Dutch Workers Differences Between Occupations and Business Sectors, 33(6), 450–454. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.07.033
Jia He, et al. (2014). Ethnic differences in prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity among low-income rural Kazakh and Uyghur adults in far western China and implications in preventive public health. PloS One, 9(9), e106723. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106723
Kemenkes, RI. (2014). Pedoman gizi seimbang (p. 63). Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI.
Kinge, J. M., & Morris, S. (2010). Social Science & Medicine Socioeconomic variation in the impact of obesity on health-related quality of life. Social Science & Medicine, 71(10), 1864–1871. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.001
Kopelman, C. and D. (2010). Clinical obesity in adults and children (Third). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Limited.
Kouvonen, A. (2013). Obesity and Occupational Injury : A Prospective Cohort Study of 69 ,
515 Public Sector Employees, 8(10). http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077178
Lee, R. K., Chung, D., Chughtai, B., Te, A. E., & Kaplan, S. a. (2012). Central obesity as measured by waist circumference is predictive of severity of lower urinary tract symptoms. BJU International, 110(4), 540–5. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464- 410X.2011.10819.x
Lee, S., Wen, W., Xu, W. H., Zheng, W., Li, H., & Yang, G. (2008). Prevalence of Obesity and Correlations With Lifestyle and Dietary Factors in Chinese Men. Obesity Journal, 16(6). http://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.58
Luckhaupt, S. E., Cohen, M. A., Li, J., & Calvert, G. M. (2014a). Associations with
Occupational Factors. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(3), 237–248.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.11.002
Luckhaupt, S. E., Cohen, M. a., Li, J., & Calvert, G. M. (2014b). Prevalence of obesity among U.S. workers and associations with occupational factors. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(3),237–248. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.11.002
Misra, A., & Shrivastava, U. (2013). Obesity and dyslipidemia in South Asians. Nutrients, 5(7),2708–33. http://doi.org/10.3390/nu5072708
Mummery, W. K., Schofield, G. M., Steele, R., Eakin, E. G., & Brown, W. J. (2005).
Occupational Sitting Time and Overweight and Obesity in Australian Workers, 29(2), 91–97. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.04.003
Nishitani, N., & Sakakibara, H. (2006). Relationship of obesity to job stress and eating behavior in male Japanese workers, (April 2003), 528–533. http://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803153
Nishiura, C., Noguchi, J., & Hashimoto, H. (2010). Dietary Patterns Only Partially Explain the Effect of Short Sleep Duration on the Incidence of Obesity, 33(6), 2–6.
Notoatmodjo, S. (2010). Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta. Oakley, K. (2008). Occupational Health Nursing (3rd ed.). West Sussex England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parhizi, S., Hall, E. L., & Pasupathy, K. S. (2012). Obesity in the Workplace : Development of a Conceptual Framework. In 2011. USA: Industrial and Systems Engineering Research Conference.
Poortinga, W. (2006). Perceptions of the environment , physical activity , and obesity. Social Science & Medicine, 63, 2835–2846. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.07.018
PT Kereta Api Indonesia. (2013). Laporan Tahunan Transformasi Menuju pelayanan prima. Indonesia: PT KAI.
Rogers, B. (2003). Occupational and Environmental Health Nursing (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
Sastroasmoro, & Ismael. (2011). Dasar dasar metodologi penelitian klinis. Jakarta: Sagung Seto.
Shimokawa, S., Chang, H., & Pinstrup-andersen, P. (2008). Understanding the differences in obesity among working adults between Taiwan and China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutrition, 18(December), 88–95.
Singh, G. K., & Siahpush, M. (2011). Dramatic Increases in Obesity and Overweight Prevalence and Body Mass Index Among Ethnic-Immigrant and Social Class Groups in the United States , 1976 – 2008. Journal of Community Health, 36, 94–110. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-010-9287-9
Soloveiva et al. (2013). Psychosocial factors at work , long work hours , and obesity : a systematic review. Scan J Work Health, 39(May), 241–258.
Sorour, A. S., Kamel, W. W., Mohammed, E., Aziz, A. E.-, & Aboelseoud, A. (2014). Health promoting lifestyle behaviors and related risk factors among female employees in Zagazig city, 4(5). http://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v4n5p42
Stanhope and Lancaster. (2012). Public Health Nursing : Population - centered Health Care in the Community (8th ed.). Maryland America: Elsevier Mosby Inc.
Starre, R. E. Van Der, Coffeng, J. K.,
Hendriksen, I. J. M., Mechelen, W. Van, & Boot, C. R. L. (2013). Associations between overweight , obesity , health measures and need for recovery in office employees : a cross-sectional analysis.
Sugianti, et al. (2009). Faktor risiko obesitas sentral Elya Sugianti, dkk. Gizi Indonesia, 32(2), 105–116.
Tchernof, A., & Després, J. (2013). Pathophysiology Of Human Visceral Obesity : An Update Biology Of Abdominal Adipose ... Aspects Of Regional Body Fat Distribution, 359–404. http://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00033.2011
Wakabayashi, I. (2011). Age-dependent inverse association between alcohol consumption and obesity in Japanese men. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 19(9), 1881–6. http://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.132
Xiao, et al. (2013). Association between socioeconomic status and obesity in a Chinese adult population. BMC Public Health, 13, 355. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-355
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Published
2025-03-06
How to Cite
Juli Dwi Prasetyono, Muchtaruddin Mansyur, Henny Permatasari, Poppy Fitriyani, Sigit Mulyono, Ahmad Eru, & Leonard Ivan Melana. (2025). Obesity on train drivers Indonesia : Occupational Health Nursing Model Pender and Triangle Epidemiology. PROFESSIONAL HEALTH JOURNAL, 6(1), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.54832/phj.v6i1.486
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